These next few videos I'm making will teach you how to conjugate into the past tense. I hope you're excited. We're going on a journey into the paaaaaasst.
First a little review...
There are three types of verbs in Korean ㅓ (eo) verbs, ㅏ (a) verbs, and 하다 (ha-da) verbs.
The infinite form of every verb ends in 다 (-da). If you cut off the 다-da at the end of the verb and look at the new last syllable in the verb, then you can determine which of the 3 types of verbs it is.
If the last syllable is 하 (ha), it is a 하다 (ha-da) verb. If the last syllable contains ㅏ (a) or ㅗ (o), but is not 하(ha), it is an ㅏ(a) verb. and if the last syllable contains a vowel other than ㅗ (o) or ㅏ (a) it is an ㅓ(eo) verb ...and that is the first type we'll learn to conjugate into the past tense.
We start with the infinitive form of an ㅓ (eo) verb eg. 숨다 (sum-da) What is an infinitive? It is the form of the verb that ends in -다(-da) and translates into "to verb". For example: to hide, to lose, to laugh, to make, to give, etc.
and we will make it into the past tense. So they will become hid, lost, laughed, made, gave. ... etc. He He He.... those examples I chose really highlight how inconsistent English conjugation is. Don't worry, Korean is much more consistent.
OK, how do we make the past tense? Start withe the infinitive, cut off the -다(-da). This is now called the root verb. and if our root verb ends in a consonant we add these endings
-었어 (-eo-sseo) to make the casual form of the verb. use this form of the verb for friends and people younger than you.
-었어요 (-eo-sseo-yo)to make the polite form use this for strangers, people older than you, and people who outrank you
-었습니다 (-eot-seum-ni-da) to make the formal form. Use this for large groups, and people you want to show an extra level of respect.
and if our verb root ends in a vowel we add the same verb endings, however the vowels combine in very much the same way they did in the present tense conjugation. I think I will demonstrate this is with examples.
지다 (ji-da)
주다 (ju-da)
쓰다 (sseu-da)
내다 (nae-da)
일어서다 (il-eo-seo-da)
Here we have 어(eo) verbs with roots that end in each type of vowel. One that ends in ㅣ(i), one that ends in ㅜ(u), one that ends in ㅡ(eu), one that ends in ㅐ(ae) and one that ends in ㅓ(eo).
Let's make the casual form. We add our ending -었어 (-eo-sseo). and then vowels start to combine. In our first example we see what to do with a verb root that ends in ㅣ(i). If we were to try to pronounce it as written we would say "ji-eo-sseo". If we were to say it faster it would be "ji-eo-sseo" "ji-eo-sseo" "jyeo-sseo" "jyeo-sseo" the two vowels start to blend together and make a sort of "y" sound, don't you agree? and that is what it actually is 졌어(jyeo-sseo). When you have a verb root ending inㅣ(i) it blends with the ㅓ (eo) and becomes ㅕ(yeo).
Now let's look at the second example. It has a verb root ending in ㅜ(u). When ㅜ(u) combines with ㅓ(eo) it makes ㅝ (wo). We can easily see that visually. The past tense of this example is 줬어 (jwo-sseo).
The third example has a ㅡ(eu) vowel. In this situation the vowels don't combine. Instead we just drop the ㅡ(eu).
The next one has a verb root that ends in ㅐ(ae). In this situation you remove the ㅓ(eo). So the verb is 냈어 (nae-sseo). You could also imagine that ㅓ(eo) getting absorbed into the ㅐ(ae) glorp.
In the final example the verb root ends in ㅓ(eo), we don't need two in a row so remove the one in the ending. 일어섰어. or imagine them glorping together.
지 + 었어 = 졌어
주 + 었어 = 줬어
쓰 + 었어 = 썼어
내 + 었어 = 냈어
일어서 + 었어=일어섰어
and as for ㅔ(e) I don't think there are any verb roots that end in ㅔ(e).
If you know one please share.
So that's how you make the casual form. Once you've got that you can make the polite form by adding 요(yo) to the casual form.
and then to make the formal form you take the root verb and add the same formal ending we used for roots that end in consonants 었습니다 and the vowels combine in the same way they did when we made the casual form.
지 +었습니다 =졌습니다 ㅣand ㅓcombine to make ㅕyeo
주+었습니다 =줬습니다 ㅜ and ㅓ combine to make ㅝ (wo)
쓰+었습니다 =썼습니다 get rid of the ㅡ(eu)
내+었습니다 =냈습니다 get rid of the ㅓ(eo)
일어서+었습니다 =일어섰습니다 get rid of the 2ndㅓ(eo)
Then we can make short sentences with these past tense verbs. For example "I hid." or "I lost.". We just need to add the word "I" which is 나(na) in the casual form and 저(jeo) in the polite/formal form and, if we want to sound like we really know how to speak Korean, we add a subject marker 은/는(eun/neun) or ㅣ/가 (i/ga). If this is going over your head please watch my video on subject markers in the description.
Now let's summarize the conjugation rules we learned for past tense.
To make the past tense start with the infinitive and cut off the 다(-da) to get the root verb. If the root verb ends in a consonant add one of the following endings to make the casual polite or formal form.
If the root verb ends in a vowel you add the same endings and then the vowels combine like so:
if the root ends in
if your verb root ends in ㅣ(i)- the 2 vowels combine into 여(yeo)
if your verb root ends in ㅜ(u)- the 2 vowels combine into 워(wo)
if your verb root ends in ㅡ(eu)- the (eu) simply disappears
if your verb root ends in ㅐ(ae)- don't add the (eo) at all.
if your verb root ends in ㅓ(eo)- only one (eo). Don't add another.
Here is a list of 40 어(eo) verbs. You can practice conjugating as many or as few as you like. The past tense conjugations of all 40 are in the comments section. Take advantage of the links in the description and thanks for studying with me.
The lesson is over but I wanted to point out something cool I found while making it. One of our examples 썼어 has a syllable block with 5 characters in it! That's the most you could possibly have. I always knew it was possible but I didn't know any words that had a 5 character syllable block until I made this lesson. I feel like I'm a marine biologist seeing a giant squid for the first time. We always knew the giant squid existed because we found chewed up pieces of it in whales' stomachs, but we are seeing it swimming around in the ocean for the very first time. There are 3 more verbs in my list whose past tense contains a 5 character syllable block. Can you find them? It's like hunting giant squid.
This verb 쓰다, by the way has more than one meaning. I have it translated as to write BUT it also means to wear on the head, and to hire or employ, and it is the adjective to be bitter. As in bitter taste. I hope this post lesson ramble has been enriching for you comment if you like it or not. annyeonghi gyeseyo
저는 모자를 썼어요. I wore a hat.
저는 책을 썼어요. I wrote a book.
저는 변호사를 썼어요. I hired a lawyer.
그커피는 썼어요. That coffee was bitter.
WATCH THE LESSON : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzvmwbQgLjk&lc=Ugy6TRj_WTH_EdJGBv14AaABAg
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