It is time to summarize the past tense. We will use adjectives to summarize conjugation rules because, as you may remember, Korean adjective can be conjugated just like verbs. for example the Korean word for big keo-yo does not just mean big, but "is big" "are big" and "am big". it has the verb "to be" in it. That means we can also conjugate adjectives into the past tense. For example we can conjugate" to be big" into "was big" and we conjugate our adjectives using the same rules as we used for verbs in the last 3 video. You may want to watch those first as this video will be going through those conjugation rules at an accelerated pace... and then at the end we will use our past tense adjectives to make full sentences, and we will even add in what we learned in the prepositions video and the time video and the date video so you can describe what happened and when it happenned. For example you'll be able to make a sentence like this: "the balloon was big on Thursday". or something like "the house was clean at 10:00" You get to see multiple lessons come together to make a useful sentence. I think that's exciting. all the past lessons I refer to will be linked in the description.
Let's first review our past tense conjugation rules. remember we have 3 types of verbs eo verbs, a verbs and ha-da verbs. to determine which type of verb you have you need to first cut off the da from the infinitive form and look at the root verb. ha-da verbs have verb roots that end in ha. a verbs have verb roots that have a final syllable that contains either o or a, but is not ha. and eo verbs that have a verb root that has a final syllable that contains any vowel other than o or a.
To make ha-da verbs into the past tense you turn the ha-da ending into the following
for a and eo verbs it's a little more complex. If the verb root ends in a consonant then these are the verb endings you add to make the past tense. Look how similar they are. this vowel is the only difference.
if your verb root end in a vowel you still add the same endings, but the vowels fuse together in interesting ways outlined here.
If you have an eo verb with a root that ends in
if your verb root ends in ㅣ(i)- the 2 vowels combine into 여(yeo)
if your verb root ends in ㅜ(u)- the 2 vowels combine into 워(wo)
if your verb root ends in ㅡ(eu)- the (eu) simply disappears
if your verb root ends in ㅐ(ae)- don't add the (eo) at all.
if your verb root ends in ㅓ(eo)- only one (eo). Don't add another.
If you have an a verb with a root that ends in
(a) your two (a)'s combine into one.
(o) the (o) and (a) combine into (wa).
and here is a summary of all your past tense conjugation rules. this page is linked in the description and you may use it to practice conjugating all these adjectives. the answers are in the comments section.
Now let's move on to making sentences. let's use the example "The coffee was good." and we'll use the polite form.
Let's start with the verb 좋다. we conjugate it by cutting off the da and looking at the new last syllable. this syllable has an ㅗ in it so 좋다 is an ㅏ verb. and it ends in a consonant so we add this ending to conjugate it into the past form. 좋았어요.
and we add our noun coffee 커피.
커피 좋았어요
and now we've got a sentence that makes sense but let's just make it even more perfect by adding a subject marker. (if you don't know what subject markers are yet please watch the video on them in the description)
we can add neun to write "coffee was good"
커피는 좋았어요.
or we can add ga to write "the coffee was good"
커피가 좋았어요.
and now let's draw on our knowledge of prepositions and time and say
That coffee was good at 2:00.
we got the first part already.
커피는 좋았어요.
where do we put the "at 2:00" part?
the verb almost always goes at the end of the sentence... so the at 2:00 part goes here
커피는 "at 2:00" 좋았어요.
remember at in Korean is 에
커피는 2:00에 좋았어요.
and o'clock is shi
커피는 2시에 좋았어요.
and two is du. remember we have to drop the last letter of 1234 when we use a counter and shi is a counter
커피는 두시에 좋았어요. the coffee was good at 2:00.
but HANG ON it's time to learn something new about prepositions. When you are talking about a past event that is no longer happenning you add a 는 after the 에. If you want to say "the coffee was good at 2:00, and it may still be good I don't know." You say 커피는 2시에 좋았어요. If the coffee was good at 2:00 but now it is not good. you say 커피는 2시에는 좋았어요.
the -neun indicates that it is something that happened only in the past.
the coffee was good but only at 2:00. After 2:00 it was not good.
. . . Remember in a previous video i said jeo-neun could be translated as "for me"? You could think of 두시에는 as "for at 2:00" something that happened ONLY at 2 o'clock. Just for at 2:00.
and that is how you make a sentence using the past tense and prepositions.
but WAIT there is another way to make these sentences. you could say.
"At 2:00 the coffee was good"
and when you translate it into Korean you can keep the same word order
두시에 커피 좋았어요.
but the difficult part is which subject markers to use and where.
If you are using the type of sentence where you don't have a neun after the -e you can use either eun/neun or i/ga
두시에 커피는 좋았어요. At 2:00 the coffee was good. (and maybe it still is)
두시에 커피가 좋았어요. At 2:00 the coffee was good. (and maybe it still is)
If you are using the neun after the e then you must use the i/ga subject marker with the subject
두시에는 커피가 좋았어요.
This should remind you of the sentences we made with the verb it-da (to have).
you must use the i/ga subject marker here, never eun/neun.
Get some practice by translating these sentences. The answers are in the comments section along with the past tense conjugated forms of all these adjectives. I hope you enjoyed the review. Thanks for studying with me.
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