Hanja

Watch The Lesson: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bl72ykK5pUQ&feature=youtu.be

HELLO my fellow students. The purpose of this lesson is to feed curiosity. it is not a vital part of learning Korean. We are going to talk about hanja, which is the use of Chinese writing in Korea.
The Chinese writing system is interesting in that it does not use an alphabet. Instead, each character represents an entire word. It's like emojis! and I'm sure you understand mean that with no disrespect. There's got to be a reason why a language with a completely logical and easy to learn writing system like Korean still prefers to use Chinese characters in some situations. Like I said, reading hanja is not important for getting by in Korea. But aren't you intrigued? Let's learn.
A lot of these Chinese characters look like the words they represent. Some of them require more imagination than others. I'll show you what I mean. Let's start with mountain. See it sticking up there in the middle like a tall mountain? Pretty easy.
山
This next one is person. Now we can imagine two legs and a body.
人

This one builds off of person. It means big. Imagine the person with his arms stretched wide making himself as big as possible. Maybe he's saying "I caught a fish thiiiis big"
大

This one means small. Now the person has his feet together and is making himself small, and his hands are closer together "I caught a fish this small"
小

And now this one does not involve the person but it fits in with the other two. It means middle. Imagine a knife cutting a box in the middle.
中
These characters are useful when you have three sizes of something small, medium, and large. Middle also means medium. Big can also mean lots or a lot.
小中大
Let's look at another intuitive one. This means door or gate. And it kinda looks like one too.
門
This next character also builds off of person. It means enter. Imagine a person walking quickly thru the entrance and their hair is flowing behind them.
入
This one is exit. I imagine doors that open up so a mouse can exit.
出

This one means mouth, and it does look like an open mouth
口

We can combine these characters to make
門口doorway 

入口entrance
and now you will know how to get in and out of places.
What I also like about this in relation to Korean is that the person looks like the Korean letter "s" which is the beginning letter of the Korean word for person: sa-ram.

人 사람
And the mouth looks like a Korean "m" which is the letter that the English word "mouth"" begins with.
口 ㅁMouth
Let's move on to something a little different. This is sun. You can imagine that this is the window you look through to see the sun.
日

And this is the moon.. It also looks like a window but through this window you see a moon, and unlike the sun window, the moon window has curtains.
月

These characters not only mean sun and moon, but also day and month.
日day/sun 月month/moon
and just for completeness, lets add year. The character for year is actually a combination of characters.
日月年
This top part is actually a distorted version of the character for person. More elaborate Chinese characters are actually made by combining simple ones. You just have to alter their appearance so they fit together nicer.
𠂉=人
This other part of the character... there are a couple of different interpretations that I found. Like the word dry 干 or complete 十 or harvest禾 or wheel around. 㐄
Wheel around looks the closest, but this is a character that is extremely rare in Chinese writing. Not worth committing to memory. Finally, I concluded that this was not the best example to show you how complex characters are made up of smaller simple ones. So, I've decided that this looks like a half undecorated Christmas tree. Like the type of Christmas tree you still have up at New Year... the uhm new year on the Gregorian calendar.

I want to keep my lessons short so I don't give you more information than you can possibly remember, but I wanna do more hanja lessons at some point. I know there's a hundred other things in Korean that are more important than this, and a lot you may already know how to read Chinese so use your likes and dislikes and comments to tell me what you think. Here's a list of some popular hanja characters. Just try to remember those without my help, I dare you. thanks for studying with me, my fellow students. jal gye-yo!

Watch The Lesson: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bl72ykK5pUQ&feature=youtu.be

How to REALLY say Please in Korean

WATCH THE LESSON: https://youtu.be/fYEIlgFNDCM
Hi my fellow students, we're gonna talk about how to say please in Korean... for real.
I've already talked about how to say please in Korean in my Basic Korean Vocabulary video. In that video I showed you the word 주세요 (ju-se-yo) which means please give it to me. You put this word after the thing you want someone to give you.
eg. icecream ju-se-yo.=please give me icecream.
I also taught you 제발 (je-bal), which is used for when you are begging for something. It's not appropriate for all situations.
Now we're going to learn how to use please when you want people to do something other than give you something.
To do that, first you need to find the verb that you want someone to do.
Get the dictionary form of the verb. (here are 2 examples )(remember the dictionary form is the one that ends in -da) and you cut off the da to get the root verb. then you add 으세요 if your verb root ends in a consonant or just 세요 if your verb root ends in a vowel.
숨다 숨 숨으세요. please hide
if your verb root ends in a vowel
가다 가 가세요 please go
but something special happens when you have a verb root that ends in ㄹ ( the Korean "l" sound) you have to remove the ㄹ and THEN add just 세요(se-yo).
for example
몰다 > 몰 > 모>모세요 please drive
and that is one way to ask someone to please verb.
If you want someone to please verb a noun.. like please drive the car you can add the noun with an object marker in front of the verb
차를 모세요.
and that is one way to make sentences with please.

Here is another:
What you do is take the casual form of the simple present tense of the verb and add 주세요 (ju-se-yo) to the end. Don't know how to make the casual form of the simple present tense? I got a video for that, actually a series of videos. link is in the description.
This type of please sentence has an implied "for me" in it.
For example:
The verb ha-da in the simple present is 해 (hae). Then we add 주세요 (ju-se-yo) and it's 해주세요 (hae-ju-se-yo)
which means: "please do it for me."
If we were to make the other kind of please sentence we would cut off the 다da and add 세요 (se-yo) to get 하세요 (ha-se-yo) which means please do it.
See the difference?
It's like saying "Please cook this ramen" vs "Please cook this ramen for me."
Here are some verbs for you to practice with.
Use them to make both types of please sentences and check your answers in the comments section.
Now let's review:
To say PLEASE VERB cut off the 다(-da) from the infinitive and add 으세요(eu-se-yo) to verb roots that end in consonants and se-yo to verb roots that end in vowels, or if your verb root ends in ㄹ you remove the 다(da) and the ㄹ and add 세요 (se-yo) to the end.

To say PLEASE VERB FOR ME take the casual form of the simple present tense of the verb and add 주세요 (ju-se-yo) to the end.

If you want to say PLEASE VERB THE NOUN, or PLEASE VERB THE NOUN FOR ME. Add the noun with an 을(eul) or 를(reul) object marker in front of that conjugated verb.

And that's all there is to it.
Thanks for studying with me, you guys. annyeonghi gyeseyo. 안녕히계세요
WATCH THE LESSON: https://youtu.be/fYEIlgFNDCM

Had and Was

Hello my fellow students. We've learned all about the past tense in Korean and I wanted to specifically talk about the past tense of two very important verbs it-da to have and i-da to be.
to have is conjugated the usual way cut off the da and add eo-sseo to make the casual form add eo-sseo-yo to make the polite form and add eot-seum-nida to make the formal form and that translates to had.
When we use the past tense of it-da in a sentence we need to use the same kind of subject marking particles we did with the present tense. Please watch my video on it-da in the present tense, if you haven't already. I'm actually rather proud of it. but like I was saying use the same kind of subject marking particles as we used with the present tense.
The subject gets a neun/eun, and the object gets an i/ga
for example I had a computer in the casual form would be
나는 컴퓨터가 있었어.
in the polite form it would be
저는 컴퓨터가 있었어요. and in the formal form
저는 컴퓨터가 있습니다.
and that's what you need to know about had.

Now i-da to be is conjugated irregularly in the present tense, but in the past tense it is conjugated pretty much like normal. cut off the da and add eo-sseo to make the casual form add eo-sseo-yo to make the polite form and add eot-seum-nida to make the formal form. and then the vowels combine so that the i-eo turns into yeo like so:  였어, 였어요, 였습니다
One thing about i-da is that sometimes when you add the ending you can chose not to combine the vowels. and keep it as 이었어,이었어요,이었습니다 if you wish. and in fact all your verb roots that end in i can be spelled without the combining vowels.
But the combined way is more commonly used. That is what I will always use on this channel
마시었어요 마셨어요
달리었어요 달렸어요
즐기었어요 즐겼어요
소리치었어요 소리쳤어요

when you make sentences with the past tense of i-da you do not use any object marker, and you do not put a space between your object and the verb. This is the same rules as we learned for i-da in the present tense. Here's an example of a past tense sentence with i-da.
나는 댄서였어.
저는 댄서였어요.
저는 댄서였습니다.

So not too many big surprises with it-da and i-da in their past form. But had and was. are two very important words and these verbs don't always follow conventional rules so I wanted to take out all the guess work for you.
Thanks for studying with me everyone annyeonghi gyeseyo.

Korean Levels of Respect

WATCH THE LESSON HERE: https://youtu.be/bhaZuVrDBQE

This is what I shall call a progressive lesson, meaning the start of the lesson is easy to understand, maybe even review, but, gradually, it gets more and more difficult. Let's begin.

In Korean there is a casual way to say things, and there is a polite way to say things, and, sometimes, there is also a formal way to say things. That means that when you learn Korean you have to learn two, or, sometimes, three ways of saying the same thing: the casual way, the polite way, and the formal way.

The casual way of speaking is used with close friends, and people who are younger than you.
The polite way of speaking is for strangers, and people who are older than you, and people who are ranked higher than you, at work, for example. If your boss is younger than you you still have to speak to him or her politely.
The formal way of speaking, likewise, is used for strangers, people who are older than you, or ranked higher than you. But, moreover, it is the more common way of speaking when addressing a large group of people and it is used in the military. You may also consider using it when addressing the elderly, or any time you wish to show an extra level of respect.
To sumize, I would say polite language is more appropriate for one-on-one interactions and formal is more appropriate when speaking to groups,  or showing extra respect to a person.
Polite language and formal language can be used interchangeably. You can mix them into the same paragraph, and, in fact, many words only have one version that is considered both polite, and formal.
However, you should not mix the casual language in with the polite and formal. That, makes no sense. Either you have a respectful relationship with the person you're talking to, or you have a casual-friendly relationship with them. Your relationship shouldn't change mid-speech.
Another thing to note is that because of the three types of language we get a situation in Korean conversations that we don't usually experience in English conversations. A situation where one person is speaking with formal language, and the other person is speaking in casual language. Imagine an English conversation like that. For example, you would say politely and formally "Hello, Grandmother" and your Grandmother would reply all casually "'sup dawg".
Even if you do, by chance, have a grandma who speaks like that she would expect you to match her level of informality. So you would both be speaking casual. Or, in a much more common situation, you would both be speaking formally. It is very rare that you have one person speaking formally, and one speaking casually in an English conversation, but this happens often in Korean.

Let's look at the different parts of a sentence and how they're different depending on whether you are speaking casual, polite or formal.
PRONOUNS
These are the Korean pronouns. Usually with pronouns there is only one form that is both polite and formal.
VERBS
When it comes to verbs and adjectives you'll notice that the formal verbs usually end in m-ni-da,
polite verbs end in -yo
and casual verbs look a lot like polite verbs but without the -yo.
So let's see a sentence in each form (TRANSLATION: I READ. present tense)

You'll see me use this type of purple, blue, dark blue colour coding in all my videos. And these are the three types of language that I will teach in my videos.... but just now.... just for this lesson I will teach you another type of sentence. It's actually a really useful one. In terms of how much respect it shows it fits in right here. more respect than the casual version and less respect than the polite version and what it is is the pronoun from the casual version combined with the verb from the polite version. this seemingly unholy hybrid is actually perfectly fine. I like the fact that if you start off your sentence without much respect and if you remember your manners part way through you can half redeem yourself by adding a -yo to the end of the sentence.

But my lessons focus on the three important ones. I call them casual polite and formal, but in Korean they are called or hae-che or ban-mal, hae-yo-che or jon-dae-mal, and hap-shyo-che or ha-ship-si-o-che 하십시오체

Another thing about respect in Korean is that there are completely different vocabulary words for the same action or noun depending on who the subject of your sentence is.
Take, for example, rice. If a child is eating rice it is called 밥 (bap) but if an elderly person is eating rice it is called 진지 (jin-ji) because that is the more respectful way of saying rice. So two different words for the same thing. EVEN THOUGH IT'S THE SAME DAMN RICE FROM THE SAME DAMN POT! 
밥 진지
We sort of do this in English like when poor people have mental health issues they are called crazy. When rich people have mental health issues they are called delightfully eccentric. Or if you're a simple peasants you sweat. Fancy ladies glisten.

Here are some more example in Korean.

Let's do a few example sentences so we get a sense of how to use this vocabulary.
EXAMPLE:
The baby eats rice.
The baby is the subject of the sentence. We don't need to use our fancy vocabulary for just a little baby so we use 밥 for rice and 먹다 for eat.
and we say
아이기는 밥을 먹어. when we are talking casually our friends or people younger than us.
아이기는 밥을 먹어요. when we are talking politely to strangers or people older than us. and we say
아이기는 밥을 먹습니다. when we are talking formally to elderly people or large groups or people to which we want to show an extra level of respect.

Here's another example:
Grandparents eat rice.
Grandparents are elderly, so we must be respectful and use our fancy vocabulary when talking about them. We use 진지 for rice and 드시다 for eat. So we say....
조부모님은 진지를 드셔. when we are talking casually our friends or people younger than us.
조부모님은 진지를 드셔요. when we are talking politely to strangers or people older than us. and we say
조부모님은 진지를 드십니다. when we are talking formally to elderly people or large groups or people to which we want to show an extra level of respect.
It's like saying
The baby chows down on some grub.
Grandparents dine on some cuisine.

Do you see how it works? use different vocabulary depending on who you are talking about. and use different verb conjugation depending on who are talking to.
Here's another example:
Little sister sleeps at home.
여동생은 집에서 자.
여동생은 집에서 자요.
여동생은 집에서 자습니다.
The princess sleeps at home.
프린세스는 댁에서 주무셔.
프린세스는 댁에서 주무셔요.
프린세스는 댁에서 주무십니다.
little sister crashes at her pad
the princess retires to her estate
Little sister sleeps at home.
여동생은 집에서 자.
여동생은 집에서 자요.
여동생은 집에서 자습니다.
The princess sleeps at home.
프린세스는 댁에서 주무셔.
프린세스는 댁에서 주무셔요.
프린세스는 댁에서 주무십니다.
yeo-dong-saeng-eun ji-be-seo ja.
yeo-dong-saeng-eun ji-be-seo ja-yo.
yeo-dong-saeng-eun ji-be-seo ja-seum-ni-da.
peu-rin-se-seu-neun dae-ge-seo ju-mu-shyeo.
peu-rin-se-seu-neun dae-ge-seo ja-yo.
and why don't you try a few. how do you translate these sentences. make sure you are using the correct conjugation and correct vocabulary. Rely on what you have learned in my previous videos. I have included hints if you need them and you can check your answers in the comments section.

ps.
Here's a little PS about the verb 계시다. (gye-shi-da).  It is the fancy version of 있다 (it-da). It is translated as to exist. If you saw my it-da video you will know that it-da means to exist, or 'to have'. But gye-shi-da is not as versatile as it-da. You can only use it as 'to exist'... not 'to have'. For example, you can say "Grandpa is at home." or "Grandpa exists at home." because, don't forget, that's how they say it in Korea  할아버지는 댁에 계세요.  But you can not use gye-shi-da to mean 'to have' for example you can't say Grandpa has a radio. or Grandpa has brown eyes' using the verb gye-shi-da. for those sentences you have to use it-da. 
Also... 계시다 has an irregular conjugation. According to our conjugation rules the present tense should be gye-shyeo-yo 계셔요. But it's not. It is gye-se-yo 계세요. Just like in Goodbye 안녕히 계세요. 
I told you this lesson was gonna get more complicated as we continue. But if you've seen every video I have done prior to this one my hope is that you followed along every step o the way. If not, don't sweat it. I expect that you at least understood some of this lesson. You may need to review some of my other videos before you get it completely. The comments section is open for questions. It always is. and as I said a moment ago, my fellow students, annyeonghi gyseyo. Thank you for studying with me. 
WATCH THE LESSON HERE: https://youtu.be/bhaZuVrDBQE

List of Korean Adjectives

The Korean Past Tense

Past Tense Adjectives

WATCH THE LESSON: https://youtu.be/TvBnUjZbufc

It is time to summarize the past tense. We will use adjectives to summarize conjugation rules because, as you may remember, Korean adjective can be conjugated just like verbs. for example the Korean word for big keo-yo does not just mean big,  but "is big" "are big" and "am big". it has the verb "to be" in it. That means we can also conjugate adjectives into the past tense. For example we can conjugate" to be big" into "was big" and we conjugate our adjectives using the same rules as we used for verbs in the last 3 video. You may want to watch those first as this video will be going through those conjugation rules at an accelerated pace... and then at the end we will use our past tense adjectives to make full sentences, and we will even add in what we learned in the prepositions video and the time video and the date video so you can describe what happened and when it happenned. For example you'll be able to make a sentence like this: "the balloon was big on Thursday". or something like "the house was clean at 10:00" You get to see multiple lessons come together to make a useful sentence. I think that's exciting. all the past lessons I refer to will be linked in the description.
Let's first review our past tense conjugation rules. remember we have 3 types of verbs eo verbs, a verbs and ha-da verbs. to determine which type of verb you have you need to first cut off the da from the infinitive form and look at the root verb. ha-da verbs have verb roots that end in ha. a verbs have verb roots that have a final syllable that contains either o or a, but is not ha. and eo verbs that have a verb root that has a final syllable that contains any vowel other than o or a.
To make ha-da verbs into the past tense you turn the ha-da ending into the following
for a and eo verbs it's a little more complex. If the verb root ends in a consonant then these are the verb endings you add to make the past tense. Look how similar they are. this vowel is the only difference.
if your verb root end in a vowel you still add the same endings, but the vowels fuse together in interesting ways outlined here.
If you have an eo verb with a root that ends in
if your verb root ends in ㅣ(i)- the 2 vowels combine into 여(yeo)
if your verb root ends in ㅜ(u)- the 2 vowels combine into 워(wo)
if your verb root ends in ㅡ(eu)- the (eu) simply disappears
if your verb root ends in ㅐ(ae)- don't add the (eo) at all.
if your verb root ends in ㅓ(eo)- only one (eo). Don't add another.
If you have an a verb with a root that ends in
(a) your two (a)'s combine into one.
(o) the (o) and (a) combine into (wa).

and here is a summary of all your past tense conjugation rules. this page is linked in the description and you may use it to practice conjugating all these adjectives. the answers are in the comments section.
Now let's move on to making sentences. let's use the example "The coffee was good." and we'll use the polite form.
Let's start with the verb 좋다. we conjugate it by cutting off the da and looking at the new last syllable. this syllable has an ㅗ in it so 좋다 is an ㅏ verb. and it ends in a consonant so we add this ending to conjugate it into the past form. 좋았어요.
and we add our noun coffee 커피.
 커피 좋았어요
and now we've got a sentence that makes sense but let's just make it even more perfect by adding a subject marker. (if you don't know what subject markers are yet please watch the video on them in the description)
we can add neun to write "coffee was good"
커피는 좋았어요.
or we can add ga to write "the coffee was good"
커피가 좋았어요.
and now let's draw on our knowledge of prepositions and time and say
That coffee was good at 2:00.
we got the first part already.
커피는 좋았어요.
where do we put the "at 2:00" part?
the verb almost always goes at the end of the sentence... so the at 2:00 part goes here
 커피는 "at 2:00" 좋았어요.
remember at in Korean is 에
 커피는 2:00에 좋았어요.
and o'clock is shi
커피는 2시에 좋았어요.
and two is du. remember we have to drop the last letter of 1234 when we use a counter and shi is a counter
커피는 두시에 좋았어요. the coffee was good at 2:00. 
but HANG ON it's time to learn something new about prepositions. When you are talking about a past event that is no longer happenning you add a 는 after the 에. If you want to say "the coffee was good at 2:00, and it may still be good I don't know." You say 커피는 2시에 좋았어요. If the coffee was good at 2:00 but now it is not good. you say 커피는 2시에는 좋았어요.
the -neun indicates that it is something that happened only in the past.
the coffee was good but only at 2:00. After 2:00 it was not good.
. . . Remember in a previous video i said jeo-neun could be translated as "for me"? You could think of 두시에는 as "for at 2:00" something that happened ONLY at 2 o'clock. Just for at 2:00.
and that is how you make a sentence using the past tense and prepositions.

but WAIT there is another way to make these sentences. you could say.
"At 2:00 the coffee was good"
and when you translate it into Korean you can keep the same word order
두시에 커피 좋았어요.
but the difficult part is which subject markers to use and where.
If you are using the type of sentence where you don't have a neun after the -e you can use either eun/neun or i/ga
두시에 커피는 좋았어요. At 2:00 the coffee was good. (and maybe it still is)
두시에 커피가 좋았어요. At 2:00 the coffee was good. (and maybe it still is)
If you are using the neun after the e then you must use the i/ga subject marker with the subject
두시에는 커피가 좋았어요.
This should remind you of the sentences we made with the verb it-da (to have).
you must use the i/ga subject marker here, never eun/neun.

Get some practice by translating these sentences. The answers are in the comments section along with the past tense conjugated forms of all these adjectives. I hope you enjoyed the review. Thanks for studying with me.

Korean Past Tense- Conjugating (ha-da) Verbs/ 하다 Verbs

WATCH THE LESSON: https://youtu.be/FLoqCK04y8E
This video is on how to conjugate HA-DA verbs into the past tense. Korean has three types of verbs and videos for the other two types are linked in the description. Ha-da verbs are easily identifiable because their infinitive form ends in ha-da. These verbs are very common. Ha-da means "to do" so you can add it onto the end of many nouns to make them into verbs. When we are making the past tense we change that ha-da ending into
했어 to make the casual form
했어요 to make the polite form
했습니다 to make the formal form
if you're not familiar with the concept of casual polite and formal language I have a video on that in the description.
We now have our past tense of to do... did.
Now you can make sentences by putting a noun in front and adding a subject marker. if you need a lesson on what a subject marker is and how to use it there is a video in the description. Here are some example sentences in the casual form, polite form, and formal form.
I did. 나는 했어. 저는 했어요. 저는 했습니다.
We did. 우리는 했어. 저희는 했어요. 저희는 했습니다.
Those people did. 그사람들은 했어. 그사람들은 했어요. 그사람은 했습니다.
Mom did. 엄머는 했어. 엄머니는 했어요. 엄머니는 했습니다.
Pikachu did. 피카츄는 했어. 피카츄는 했어요. 피카츄는 했습니다.

and like I said ha-da is the verb "to do" and it can also be the ending of many more verbs. Like these ones.

Try conjugating a few of them if you like and check your answers in the description. That's all for now my fellow students. Thank you for studying with me.
WATCH THE LESSON: https://youtu.be/FLoqCK04y8E

List Of (a) Verbs

Korean Past Tense- Conjugating (a) Verbs/ 아Verbs

WATCH THE LESSON: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWjOuDZW5QM
This is a video on how to conjugate Korean (a) verbs into the past tense. There are 3 types of verbs in Korean: (ha-da) verbs, which have verb roots that end in (ha), (a) verbs which have verb roots that end in a syllable that contains (o) or (a), and (eo) verbs  whose verb roots end in a syllable that contains any vowel except (o) or (a).
You will find videos for the other two types of verbs in the description. LET'S LEARN OUR PAST TENSE CONJUGATION OF (A) VERBS.
The best way to memorizes verbs is in their infinitive form. That's the form that ends in (-da) and roughly translates to "to verb". For example: (an-da) "to hug", (ga-da) "to go", (bo-da) "to see". As I was saying, memorize the infinitive forms and then you can conjugate them into whatever tense you want. Today we will conjugate into the past tense. To do that ... first remove the (-da), then to the root verb you add a past tense ending. and here they are:
았어, 았어요, 았습니다
in order of most casual to most formal.
So we add these past tense endings to each of our verb roots. If the verb root ended in a consonant we are done. We've made the past tense! If the verb root ended in a vowel we need to combine the vowels. There are two possible vowels. They are (a) and (o).
If it is an (a) your two (a)'s combine into one. If it is (o) the (o) and (a) combine into (wa).
So that is how you make the past tense of an (a) verb. You need to memorize these endings and remember how to combine the vowels.
Now let's make sentences I hugged, I went, I saw.
the word for I is na in the casual form and jeo in the polite/formal form
So we add that in front of our verbs, and then we top it off with subject markers just like we did in the present tense. We can use neun/eun if we want to emphasize the verb or i/ga if we want to emphasize the subject. the neun and the ga are for subjects that end in vowels and the eun and the i are for subjects that end in consonants. If you want a more detailed explanation of subject markers that is linked in the description.
please use my list of a verbs to practice conjugating into the past tense and to learn vocabulary. /you'll be glad you did. You can find the past tense forms in the comments section to check if you did it correctly. enjoy my useful links in the description and jal gyeseyo my fellow students. Thank you for studying with me.
WATCH THE LESSON: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWjOuDZW5QM

Past Tense eo Verbs

Korean Past Tense eo Verbs

WATCH THE LESSON : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzvmwbQgLjk&lc=Ugy6TRj_WTH_EdJGBv14AaABAg
These next few videos I'm making will teach you how to conjugate into the past tense. I hope you're excited. We're going on a journey into the paaaaaasst.

First a little review...
There are three types of verbs in Korean  ㅓ (eo) verbs, ㅏ (a) verbs, and 하다 (ha-da) verbs.
The infinite form of every verb ends in 다 (-da). If you cut off the 다-da at the end of the verb and look at the new last syllable in the verb, then you can determine which of the 3 types of verbs it is.
If the last syllable is 하 (ha), it is a 하다 (ha-da) verb. If the last syllable contains ㅏ (a) or ㅗ (o), but is not 하(ha), it is an ㅏ(a) verb. and if the last syllable contains a vowel other than ㅗ (o) or ㅏ (a) it is an ㅓ(eo) verb ...and that is the first type we'll learn to conjugate into the past tense.
We start with the infinitive form of an ㅓ (eo) verb eg. 숨다 (sum-da) What is an infinitive? It is the form of the verb that ends in -다(-da) and translates into "to verb". For example: to hide, to lose, to laugh, to make, to give, etc.
and we will make it into the past tense. So they will become hid, lost, laughed, made, gave. ... etc. He He He.... those examples I chose really highlight how inconsistent English conjugation is. Don't worry, Korean is much more consistent.
OK, how do we make the past tense? Start withe the infinitive, cut off the  -다(-da). This is now called the root verb. and if our root verb ends in a consonant we add these endings 
-었어 (-eo-sseo) to make the casual form of the verb. use this form of the verb for friends and people younger than you.
-었어요 (-eo-sseo-yo)to make the polite form use this for strangers, people older than you, and people who outrank you
-었습니다 (-eot-seum-ni-da) to make the formal form. Use this for large groups, and people you want to show an extra level of respect.
and if our verb root ends in a vowel we add the same verb endings, however the vowels combine in very much the same way they did in the present tense conjugation. I think I will demonstrate this is with examples.
지다 (ji-da)
주다 (ju-da)
쓰다 (sseu-da)
내다 (nae-da)
일어서다 (il-eo-seo-da)
Here we have 어(eo) verbs with roots that end in each type of vowel. One that ends in ㅣ(i), one that ends in ㅜ(u), one that ends in ㅡ(eu), one that ends in ㅐ(ae) and one that ends in ㅓ(eo).
Let's make the casual form. We add our ending -었어 (-eo-sseo). and then vowels start to combine. In our first example we see what to do with a verb root that ends in ㅣ(i). If we were to try to pronounce it as written we would say "ji-eo-sseo". If we were to say it faster it would be "ji-eo-sseo" "ji-eo-sseo" "jyeo-sseo" "jyeo-sseo" the two vowels start to blend together and make a sort of "y" sound, don't you agree? and that is what it actually is  졌어(jyeo-sseo). When you have a verb root ending inㅣ(i) it blends with the ㅓ (eo) and becomes ㅕ(yeo).
Now let's look at the second example. It has a verb root ending in ㅜ(u). When ㅜ(u) combines with ㅓ(eo) it makes ㅝ (wo). We can easily see that visually. The past tense of this example is 줬어 (jwo-sseo).
The third example has a ㅡ(eu) vowel. In this situation the vowels don't combine. Instead we just drop the ㅡ(eu).
The next one has a verb root that ends in ㅐ(ae). In this situation you remove the ㅓ(eo). So the verb is 냈어 (nae-sseo). You could also imagine that ㅓ(eo) getting absorbed into the ㅐ(ae) glorp.
In the final example the verb root ends in ㅓ(eo), we don't need two in a row so remove the one in the ending. 일어섰어. or imagine them glorping together.
지 + 었어 = 졌어
주 + 었어 = 줬어
쓰 + 었어 = 썼어
내 + 었어 = 냈어
일어서 + 었어=일어섰어
and as for ㅔ(e) I don't think there are any verb roots that end in ㅔ(e).
If you know one please share.
So that's how you make the casual form. Once you've got that you can make the polite form by adding 요(yo) to the casual form.
and then to make the formal form you take the root verb and add the same formal ending we used for roots that end in consonants 었습니다 and the vowels combine in the same way they did when we made the casual form.
지 +었습니다 =졌습니다 ㅣand ㅓcombine to make ㅕyeo
주+었습니다 =줬습니다  ㅜ and ㅓ combine to make ㅝ (wo)
쓰+었습니다 =썼습니다  get rid of the ㅡ(eu)
내+었습니다 =냈습니다  get rid of the ㅓ(eo)
일어서+었습니다 =일어섰습니다 get rid of the 2ndㅓ(eo)

Then we can make short sentences with these past tense verbs. For example "I hid." or "I lost.". We just need to add the word "I" which is 나(na) in the casual form and 저(jeo) in the polite/formal form and, if we want to sound like we really know how to speak Korean, we add a subject marker 은/는(eun/neun) or ㅣ/가 (i/ga). If this is going over your head please watch my video on subject markers in the description.
Now let's summarize the conjugation rules we learned for past tense.
To make the past tense start with the infinitive and cut off the 다(-da) to get the root verb. If the root verb ends in a consonant add one of the following endings to make the casual polite or formal form.
If the root verb ends in a vowel you add the same endings and then the vowels combine like so:
if the root ends in
if your verb root ends in ㅣ(i)- the 2 vowels combine into 여(yeo)
if your verb root ends in ㅜ(u)- the 2 vowels combine into 워(wo)
if your verb root ends in ㅡ(eu)- the (eu) simply disappears
if your verb root ends in ㅐ(ae)- don't add the (eo) at all.
if your verb root ends in ㅓ(eo)- only one (eo). Don't add another.
 Here is a list of 40 어(eo) verbs. You can practice conjugating as many or as few as you like. The past tense conjugations of all 40 are in the comments section. Take advantage of the links in the description and thanks for studying with me.

The lesson is over but I wanted to point out something cool I found while making it. One of our examples 썼어 has a syllable block with 5 characters in it! That's the most you could possibly have. I always knew it was possible but I didn't know any words that had a 5 character syllable block until I made this lesson. I feel like I'm a marine biologist seeing a giant squid for the first time. We always knew the giant squid existed because we found chewed up pieces of it in whales' stomachs, but we are seeing it swimming around in the ocean for the very first time. There are 3 more verbs in my list whose past tense contains a 5 character syllable block. Can you find them? It's like hunting giant squid.
This verb 쓰다, by the way has more than one meaning. I have it translated as to write BUT it also means to wear on the head, and to hire or employ, and it is the adjective to be bitter. As in bitter taste. I hope this post lesson ramble has been enriching for you comment if you like it or not. annyeonghi gyeseyo
저는 모자를 썼어요. I wore a hat.
저는 책을 썼어요. I wrote a book.
저는 변호사를 썼어요. I hired a lawyer.
그커피는 썼어요. That coffee was bitter.

WATCH THE LESSON : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzvmwbQgLjk&lc=Ugy6TRj_WTH_EdJGBv14AaABAg

Korean Prepositions Part 1 에 & 에서

Watch the lesson here: https://youtu.be/B7mIWEVw-MA
This is the first of a series of videos on Korean prepositions. Let me state the obvious and say Korean is a very different language from English and, because of that, a lot of words do not translate directly. I'd love to give you a list of English prepositions and their direct Korean translations, but it just isn't that simple. You're gonna learn how to describe position from a whole new perspective.
 The two Korean prepositions we will learn in this video are 에  and 에서.  에 can mean at, to, in, or on depending on context. 에서 usually means from, out, or off. But, these two prepositions are not used in every instance when at, to, in, on, from, out, and off are used. We will take a look at when you can use them and when you can't use them. But first let's learn how to use them.
In Korean prepositions are suffixes that go after the object. Think about what that means for a second and consider this example:
I go to Korea.
Lets put these words in Korean order
remember the order is subject object verb
I Korea go
then add the preposition at the end of the object
I Korea-to go
and in Korean
저는 한국to 가요.
저는 한국에 가요.
Korea is the thing you are going to, so, it gets the preposition after it. And the preposition takes the place of the object marker.
Yes, in Korean the preposition is like an object marker. It is attached to the end of the object. Calling them prepositions is a bit inaccurate because the word preposition has that "pre-" in it, but since they come after the object it would be more accurate to call them post-positions. I'm going to continue to call them prepositions though.

Let's look at the other preposition 에서
We made the sentence I go to Korea.
저는 한국에 가요.
If we change the preposition 에 to 에서 them it means "I go from Korea" or "I go away from Korea"
저는 한국에서 가요.

Let's summarize it all on one page:

You can also use these prepositions with time
I eat at 12:00
저는 12:00에 먹어요.

and now let's learn about when you do not use them.
You do not use 에 when you have both 에 and 애서 in the same sentence. For example: "I go from A to B" or "I sleep from 10:00 to 6:00"
There are different prepositions for sentences like that. We'll learn those in a later video but here's a little sneak peak. 저는 A에서 B로 가요. 저는 10:00에서 6:00까지 자요.

-You don't use 에 / 에서 when the verb in your sentence is look 보다. For example
"I look at flamingos"
저는 플라밍고를 봐요.
봐요 means 'see' and 'look at'. It requires no addition of a preposition

-"I am from Canada."
No. You don't use 에 and 에서  when you are saying where you came from

-"I give it to you"
When the object of your sentence is a person or an animal do not use 에/에서

-"the inside" When you want to specify that something is inside something else.
For example if you wanted to say that you are inside the house, not just at the house there is a different word for inside. Don't just use 에 because that can mean "in", but also can mean "at" and "to" so it's not clear if you are actually in the house, or just beside the house. "I am inside the house" . "I am at the house"

and
We will learn the appropriate prepositions for all these situations and more in future lessons in this series. aha! cliffhanger... For now get some practice by translating these sentences. See ya next time fellow students and thank you for studying with me.

Watch the lesson here: https://youtu.be/B7mIWEVw-MA